内分泌学与糖尿病

David S Cooper, MD

• Editor-in-Chief — Endocrinology
• Section Editor — Pituitary Disease; Thyroid Disease
• Professor of Medicine and International Health
• Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine

David M Nathan, MD

• Editor-in-Chief — Endocrinology
• Section Editor — Diabetes Mellitus
• Professor of Medicine
• Harvard Medical School

Peter J Snyder, MD

• Editor-in-Chief — Endocrinology
• Section Editor — Pituitary Disease; Male Reproductive Endocrinology
• Professor of Medicine
• University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine

责任主编

Kathryn A Martin, MD

• Senior Deputy Editor — UpToDate
• Deputy Editor — Endocrinology and Patient Education
• Assistant Professor of Medicine
• Harvard Medical School

Jean E Mulder, MD

• Director of Editorial Projects — UpToDate
• Deputy Editor — Endocrinology and Diabetes
• Instructor in Medicine
• Harvard Medical School

副主编

David S Cooper, MD

• Editor-in-Chief — Endocrinology
• Section Editor — Pituitary Disease; Thyroid Disease
• Professor of Medicine and International Health
• Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine

William F Crowley, Jr, MD

• Section Editor — Female Reproductive Endocrinology
• Daniel K Podolsky Professor of Medicine
• Harvard Medical School

Marc K Drezner, MD

• Section Editor — Bone Disease
• Professor Emeritus
• Senior Associate Dean Emeritus
• University of Wisconsin Medical School

Irl B Hirsch, MD

• Section Editor — Diabetes Mellitus
• Professor of Medicine
• University of Washington School of Medicine

André Lacroix, MD

• Section Editor — Adrenal Disease
• Professor of Medicine
• University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Alvin M Matsumoto, MD

• Section Editor — Male Reproductive Endocrinology
• Professor of Medicine
• University of Washington School of Medicine

David M Nathan, MD

• Editor-in-Chief — Endocrinology
• Section Editor — Diabetes Mellitus
• Professor of Medicine
• Harvard Medical School

Lynnette K Nieman, MD

• Section Editor — Adrenal Disease
• Senior Investigator
• Bethesda, MD

Clifford J Rosen, MD

• Section Editor — Bone Disease
• Professor of Nutrition
• University of Maine
• Professor of Medicine
• Tufts University School of Medicine

Douglas S Ross, MD

• Section Editor — Thyroid Disease
• Professor of Medicine
• Harvard Medical School

Peter J Snyder, MD

• Editor-in-Chief — Endocrinology
• Section Editor — Pituitary Disease; Male Reproductive Endocrinology
• Professor of Medicine
• University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine

助理编辑

Katie Miller, BA, BS, MS

• Content Editing Coordinator — UpToDate

作者

Kathryn E Ackerman, MD, MPH

• Assistant Professor of Medicine
• Harvard Medical School

Judith M Adams, DMU

• Staff, Reproductive Endocrine Unit
• Massachusetts General Hospital

Amanda Adeleye, MD

• Assistant Professor
• University of Chicago

Rajiv Agarwal, MD

• Professor of Medicine
• Indiana University School of Medicine

Tarek Alhamad, MD, MS, FACP, FASN

• Assistant Professor of Medicine
• Washington University School of Medicine

Rebecca H Allen, MD, MPH

• Associate Professor of OB/GYN and Medical Science
• Section of Medical Education
• Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University

Bradley D Anawalt, MD

• Chief of Medicine, University of Washington Medical Center
• Professor and Vice Chair of Medicine
• University of Washington

Raymond M Anchan, MD, PhD

• Assistant Professor of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Biology
• Harvard Medical School

Caroline Apovian, MD

• Professor of Medicine and Pediatrics, Boston University School of Medicine

Lawrence J Appel, MD, MPH

• C. David Molina Professor of Medicine
• Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine

Aydin Arici, MD

• Professor of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences
• Yale University School of Medicine

David G Armstrong, DPM, MD, PhD

• Professor of Surgery and Director
• Southwestern Academic Limb Salvage Alliance (SALSA)
• Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California

Andrew Arnold, MD

• Murray-Heilig Professor of Molecular Medicine
• University of Connecticut

Richard J Auchus, MD, PhD

• Professor of Pharmacology and Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes
• University of Michigan

Phyllis August, MD, MPH

• Ralph A Baer, MD Professor of Research in Medicine
• Director, Hypertension Center
• Division of Nephrology & Hypertension
• Weill Cornell Medical College

Lloyd Axelrod, MD

• Associate Professor of Medicine
• Harvard Medical School

Ricardo Azziz, MD, MBA, MPH

• Research Professor, Dept Health Policy, Management, and Behavior
• School of Public Health, University at Albany, SUNY
• Professor, Dept of Ob/Gyn
• University of Alabama at Birmingham

Philippe Backeljauw, MD

• Professor of Clinical Pediatrics
• Cincinnati Center for Growth Disorders
• Cincinnati Center for Pediatric & Adult Turner Syndrome Care
• Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center

Bruce R Bacon, MD

• Emeritus Professor of Internal Medicine
• Saint Louis University School of Medicine

Sunil V Badve, MD, PhD

• Conjoint Associate Professor of Medicine
• The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia

Steven K Baker, MSc, MD

• Associate Professor of Medicine
• Neuromuscular Disease Clinic
• Faculty of Health Sciences
• McMaster University

George L Bakris, MD

• Editor-in-Chief — Nephrology
• Section Editor — Hypertension
• Professor of Medicine
• The University of Chicago

Ravikumar Balasubramanian, MBBS, PhD, MRCP(UK)

• Assistant Professor of Medicine
• Harvard Medical School

Ashok Balasubramanyam, MD

• Professor of Medicine
• Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism
• Baylor College of Medicine

Douglas W Ball, MD

• Associate Professor of Medicine and Oncology
• Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine

Chantay Banikarim, MD, MPH

• Director of Adolescent Medicine
• St. Joseph's Hospital & Medical Center, Phoenix

Robert L Barbieri, MD

• Editor-in-Chief — Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health
• Section Editor — General Gynecology and Female Reproductive Endocrinology
• BWH Chair Emeritus, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
• Kate Macy Ladd Distinguished Professor of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology
• Harvard Medical School

Peter J Barnes, DM, DSc, FRCP, FRS

• Editor-in-Chief — Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine
• Section Editor — Asthma
• Professor of Medicine
• National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London

Deborah A Bartz, MD, MPH

• Associate Professor, Harvard Medical School
• Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology
• Brigham and Women’s Hospital

Jan Basile, MD

• Professor of Medicine
• Medical University of South Carolina
• Ralph H Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center

Jeroen J Bax, MD, PhD

• Section Editor — Noninvasive Cardiac Imaging and Stress Testing
• Professor of Cardiology
• Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands

John F Beary, III, MD

• Clinical Professor of Medicine
• University of Cincinnati

Carolyn B Becker, MD

• Associate Professor of Medicine
• Brigham and Women's Hospital
• Harvard Medical School

Kristin Bendikson, MD

• Assistant Clinical Professor, USC Fertility
• USC Keck School of Medicine

William M Bennett, MD

• Medical Director
• Legacy Good Samaritan Transplant Services

James R Berenson, MD

• Medical and Scientific Director
• Institute for Myeloma and Bone Cancer Research

Jeffrey S Berger, MD, MS, FAHA, FACC

• Associate Professor of Medicine (Cardiology and Hematology)
• Associate Professor of Surgery (Vascular Surgery)
• New York University School of Medicine

Emily Bergsland, MD

• Professor of Medicine
• University of California San Francisco

Michael Berkoben, MD

• Professor of Medicine
• Duke University Medical Center

Bonnie L Bermas, MD

• Professor of Medicine
• UT Southwestern Medical Center

Jeffrey S Berns, MD

• Editor-in-Chief — Nephrology
• Section Editor — Dialysis
• Professor of Medicine
• Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania

Daniel Bessesen, MD

• Professor of Medicine
• University of Colorado, School of Medicine

Daniel G Bichet, MD

• Professor of Medicine, Pharmacology, and Physiology
• Universite de Montreal

Frank M Biro, MD

• Professor of Pediatrics, Division of Adolescent Medicine
• University of Cincinnati College of Medicine

John D Bisognano, MD, PhD

• Professor of Medicine and Cardiology
• University of Michigan Medical Center

James H Black, III, MD

• Chief of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy
• Johns Hopkins Hospital

Michael J Bloch, MD, FACP, FASH, FSVM, FNLA

• Associate Professor, University of Nevada School of Medicine
• Medical Director, Vascular Care, Renown Regional Medical Center

Manfred Blum, MD, FACP

• Professor of Medicine and Radiology
• New York University School of Medicine

Roger Bouillon, MD, PhD, FRCP

• Professor of Medicine
• Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium

D Craig Brater, MD

• Emeritus Dean
• Indiana University School of Medicine
• President
• Regenstrief Foundation
• President
• Alliance for Academic Internal Medicine

Lynne T Braun, PhD, RN, CNP

• UpToDate NP Advisory Board Member
• Professor of Nursing
• Rush University College of Nursing

Glenn D Braunstein, MD

• Professor of Medicine Emeritus, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA

Daniel C Brennan, MD, FACP

• Editor-in-Chief — Nephrology
• Section Editor — Kidney Transplantation
• Professor of Medicine
• Medical Director and Co-Director of the Comprehensive Transplant Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology
• Johns Hopkins Medical School

Gregory A Brent, MD

• Professor of Medicine and Physiology
• David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA

James D Brierley, MB, BS, FRCP, FRCR, FRCPC

• Professor
• Department of Radiation Oncology
• University of Toronto, Canada

Robert D Brook, MD

• Professor of Medicine
• Wayne State University

Florence M Brown, MD

• Senior Staff Physician
• Joslin Diabetes Center
• Co-Director
• Joslin and Beth Israel Deaconess Diabetes in Pregnancy Program
• Assistant Professor
• Harvard Medical School

Glenn J Bubley, MD

• Associate Professor of Medicine
• Harvard Medical School

Henry B Burch, MD

• Professor of Medicine
• Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences

Marissa Burgermaster, PhD, MA, MAEd

• Assistant Professor
• Nutritional Sciences and Population Health
• University of Texas at Austin and Dell Medical School

Christopher R Burke, MD

• Assistant Professor of Cardiac Surgery
• University of Washington

Kenneth D Burman, MD

• Chief, Endocrine Section
• Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC
• Professor, Department of Medicine
• Georgetown University Medical Center

David L Burns, MD

• Associate Professor of Medicine
• Tufts University School of Medicine

Cristiano E Busso, MD

• Infertility Specialist
• Projeto ALFA, Brazil

Enrico Cagliero, MD

• Associate Professor of Medicine
• Harvard Medical School

Michael Camilleri, MD

• Professor of Medicine, Pharmacology, and Physiology
• Mayo Clinic College of Medicine

Astrid EP Cantineau, MD, PhD

• Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
• University of Groningen, University Medical Center

Thomas Carpenter, MD

• Professor of Pediatrics (Endocrinology)
• Professor of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation
• Yale University School of Medicine

Robert F Casper, MD

• Professor, Division of Reproductive Sciences
• University of Toronto, Canada
• Senior Investigator
• Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute

Matthew A Cavender, MD, MPH

• Assistant Professor of Medicine
• University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill

Marcelle I Cedars, MD

• Chief of the Division of Endocrinology and Infertility
• University of California, San Francisco

Mariam R Chacko, MD

• Distinguished Professor Emeritus
• Departments of Pediatrics/Adolescent Medicine and Obstetrics & Gynecology
• Baylor College of Medicine

Jennifer Ang Chan, MD, MPH

• Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

Yee-Ming Chan, MD, PhD

• Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School
• Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children’s Hospital

Jeffrey Chang, MD

• Professor Emeritus
• University of California, San Diego

Arlene B Chapman, MD

• Professor of Medicine
• University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine

Julia F Charles, MD, PhD

• Associate Physician
• Brigham and Women's Hospital
• Assistant Professor of Medicine
• Harvard Medical School

W Winn Chatham, MD

• Professor of Medicine
• University of Alabama at Birmingham

Horng H Chen, MD

• Professor of Medicine
• Mayo Medical School

Wendy Y Chen, MD, MPH

• Assistant Professor of Medicine
• Harvard Medical School

Alfred K Cheung, MD

• Professor of Internal Medicine
• University of Utah School of Medicine

Sanjiv Chopra, MD, MACP

• Editor-in-Chief — Gastroenterology and Hepatology
• Section Editor — General Hepatology; Gallbladder and Biliary Tract Disease
• Professor of Medicine
• Harvard Medical School
• Senior Consultant in Hepatology
• Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
• Marshall Wolf Master Clinician Educator
• Brigham and Women's Hospital

George P Chrousos, MD

• Professor of Pediatrics and Endocrinology Emeritus
• Director, University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health and Precision Medicine
• Holder, UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care
• University of Athens, Greece

Karine Chung, MD, MSCE

• Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility
• California Fertility Partners

Thomas E Clancy, MD

• Assistant Professor of Surgery
• Harvard Medical School

David R Clemmons, MD

• Distinguished Professor of Medicine
• University of North Carolina School of Medicine

Adi Cohen, MD, MHS

• Associate Professor of Medicine
• Columbia University Medical Center

Jordana Cohen, MD, MSCE

• Assistant Professor of Medicine and Epidemiology
• Renal-Electrolyte and Hypertension Division
• Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics
• Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania

Wilson S Colucci, MD

• Section Editor — Heart Failure
• Professor of Medicine
• Boston University School of Medicine

Heidi M Connolly, MD, FACC, FASE

• Section Editor — Congenital Heart Disease
• Professor of Medicine
• Mayo Medical School

Robin Conwit, MD

• Program Director, Division of Extramural Research
• National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

Suzanne D Conzen, MD

• Professor of Medicine
• Chief, Division of Hematology and Oncology
• UT Southwestern Medical Center

William F Crowley, Jr, MD

• Section Editor — Female Reproductive Endocrinology
• Daniel K Podolsky Professor of Medicine
• Harvard Medical School

Philip E Cryer, MD

• Professor of Medicine Emeritus and Adjunct Professor of Medicine
• Washington University in St. Louis

Gary C Curhan, MD, ScD

• Section Editor — Chronic Kidney Disease
• Editor-in-Chief Emeritus
• Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
• Professor of Medicine
• Harvard Medical School

Donald Cutlip, MD

• Section Editor — Interventional Cardiology
• Professor of Medicine
• Harvard Medical School
• Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center

Donald J D'Amico, MD

• Chairman of Ophthalmology
• Weill Cornell Medical College

Philip D Darney, MD, MSc

• Distinguished Professor, Emeritus
• University of California, San Francisco

Terry F Davies, MD, FRCP, FACE

• Baumritter Professor of Medicine
• Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai

Buddhadeb Dawn, MD

• Professor of Medicine
• Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine at UNLV

Bess Dawson-Hughes, MD

• Team Leader - Bone Metabolism Laboratory
• Professor of Medicine
• Tufts University School of Medicine

Richard J de Asla, MD

• Orthopedic Consultant
• Massachusetts General Hospital
• Instructor
• Harvard Medical School

Sarah D de Ferranti, MD, MPH

• Director, Preventive Cardiology Clinic
• Department of Cardiology
• Boston Children's Hospital

Adam de Havenon, MD

• Assistant Professor of Neurology
• University of Utah

Prakash C Deedwania, MD

• Professor of Medicine
• University of California San Francisco School of Medicine

Christine Dehlendorf, MD, MAS

• Associate Professor, Department of Family and Community Medicine
• University of California, San Francisco

Linda M Delahanty, MS, RD

• Associate Professor of Medicine
• Harvard Medical School

Victoria Delgado, MD, PhD

• Cardiologist; Department of Cardiology
• Leiden University Medical Center

Anthony DeSantis, MD

• Clinical Professor of Medicine
• University of Washington Medical School

Kathryn Diemer, MD

• Professor of Medicine, Clinical Director, Bone Health Program
• Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine

Kim Donaghue, MB, BS, PhD, FRACP

• Professor, The University of Sydney
• Institute of Endocrinology & Diabetes
• Senior Staff Endocrinologist, The Children's Hospital at Westmead

Pamela S Douglas, MD

• Ursula Geller Professor of Research in Cardiovascular Diseases
• Duke University Medical Center

Matthew T Drake, MD, PhD

• Associate Professor of Medicine
• Mayo Clinic

Marc K Drezner, MD

• Section Editor — Bone Disease
• Professor Emeritus
• Senior Associate Dean Emeritus
• University of Wisconsin Medical School

Kathleen Dungan, MD

• Professor
• Ohio State University, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism

Shannon M Dunlay, MD, MS

• Associate Professor of Health Services Research and Medicine
• Mayo Clinic College of Medicine

Celeste Durnwald, MD

• Associate Professor, Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
• University of Pennsylvania

Paul Durrington, MD

• Professor of Medicine
• Physician to Manchester Royal Infirmary
• University of Manchester

Richard Eastell, MD, FRCP, FRCPath, FMedSci

• Professor of Bone Metabolism, Head of the Academic Unit of Bone Metabolism
• Director of the Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, University of Sheffield

Robert H Eckel, MD

• Professor of Medicine, Emeritus
• Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes
• Division of Cardiology
• University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus

Jeffrey L Ecker, MD

• Professor of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology
• Harvard Medical School

Brent M Egan, MD

• Professor of Medicine
• University of South Carolina School of Medicine-Greenville
• VP Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Improving Health Outcomes, American Medical Association

Georg B Ehret, MD

• Division of Cardiology
• Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland

David A Ehrmann, MD

• Professor of Medicine
• University of Chicago

Ghada El-Hajj Fuleihan, MD, MPH

• Professor of Medicine
• American University of Beirut Medical Center, Lebanon

William J Elliott, MD, PhD

• Section Editor — Hypertension
• Professor of Preventive Medicine, Internal Medicine and Pharmacology
• Head, Division of Pharmacology
• Chair, Department of Biomedical Sciences
• Pacific Northwest University of Health Sciences, Yakima, WA

David H Ellison, MD, FASN, FAHA

• Professor of Medicine and Physiology & Pharmacology
• Oregon Health & Science University

Michael Emmett, MD

• Editor-in-Chief — Nephrology
• Section Editor — Fluid and Electrolytes
• Chief of Internal Medicine
• Baylor University Medical Center

Doruk Erkan, MD, MPH

• Associate Attending Rheumatologist, Hospital for Special Surgery
• Associate Professor of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine

Katharine Esselen, MD, MBA

• Assistant Professor of Medicine
• Harvard Medical School

Stephanie J Estes, MD, FACOG

• Associate Professor
• Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility
• Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
• Penn State Hershey Medical Center
• Penn State College of Medicine

Erica A Eugster, MD

• Professor of Pediatrics
• Indiana University School of Medicine

Arthur T Evans, MD, MPH

• Professor of Medicine
• NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital
• Weill Cornell Medicine

Bart CJM Fauser, MD, PhD

• Professor Emeritus of Reproductive Medicine
• University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

Eva L Feldman, MD, PhD

• Professor of Neurology
• University of Michigan Medical Center

Joel S Finkelstein, MD

• Associate Professor of Medicine
• Harvard Medical School

Naomi DL Fisher, MD

• Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School
• Director, Hypertension Service, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital

Steven Flamm, MD

• Chief, Liver Transplantation Program
• Professor of Medicine
• Feinberg School of Medicine
• Northwestern University

John P Forman, MD, MSc

• Senior Deputy Editor — UpToDate
• Deputy Editor — Nephrology
• Associate Physician, Division of Kidney Medicine
• Brigham and Women's Hospital
• Assistant Professor of Medicine
• Harvard Medical School

Alessia Fornoni, MD, PhD

• Professor of Medicine
• Chief, Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension
• Director, Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center
• MSTP Associate Director

Claire E Fraser, MD, PhD

• Assistant Professor, Vitreoretinal Surgery
• University of Kentucky

Thomas Frieling, MD

• Director Medizinische Klinik II
• HELIOS Klinikum Krefeld, Germany
• Professor of Medicine
• University of Düsseldorf

Suzanne A.W. Fuqua, PhD

• Professor, Departments of Medicine and Molecular Cell Biology
• Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center
• Baylor College of Medicine

Daniel E Furst, MD

• Section Editor — Treatment Issues in Rheumatology
• Clinical professor, University of Washington, Seattle
• Clinical professor, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
• Professor of Rheumatology, University of California in Los Angeles (Emeritus)
• Director of Research, Pacific Arthritis Associates

Rodolfo J Galindo, MD, FACE

• Assistant Professor of Medicine
• Emory University School of Medicine

Alexandra Gangi, MD

• Assistant Professor of Surgery
• Cedars Sinai Medical Center

A Reshad Garan, MD, MS, FACC

• Director, Advanced Heart Failure and Mechanical Circulatory Support
• Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology

Joseph A Garcia-Prats, MD

• Section Editor — Neonatology
• Professor of Pediatrics
• Baylor College of Medicine

William A Ghali, MD, MPH

• Professor
• Departments of Medicine and Community Health Sciences
• University of Calgary, Canada

Andrew G Gianoukakis, MD, FACE

• Professor of Medicine
• David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
• Investigator, The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA
• Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism
• Harbor-UCLA Medical Center

Elsa-Grace Giardina, MD, MS, FACC, FACP, FAHA

• Professor of Medicine
• Director, Center for Women’s Health
• Columbia University Medical Center

Christopher H Gibbons, MD, MMSc, FAAN

• Associate Professor of Neurology
• Harvard Medical School

William E Gibbons, MD

• Professor
• Division of Reproductive Endocrinology
• Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
• Baylor College of Medicine
• Chief of Reproductive Medicine for the Pavilion for Women
• Texas Children's Hospital

Elizabeth S Ginsburg, MD

• Professor of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology
• Harvard Medical School

Joel D Glickman, MD

• Professor of Clinical Medicine
• University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine

Ary L Goldberger, MD

• Section Editor — Electrocardiography
• Professor of Medicine
• Harvard Medical School

Stanley Goldfarb, MD

• Editor-in-Chief — Nephrology
• Section Editor — Mineral and Bone Metabolism; Renal Ureteral Stones
• Professor of Medicine
• University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine

David Goltzman, MD

• Professor of Medicine
• McGill University
• Senior Physician, Division of Endocrinology and Department of Medicine
• McGill University Health Centre

Stephen S Gottlieb, MD

• Section Editor — Heart Failure
• Section Editor for UpToDate Pathways and Clinical Effectiveness — Heart Failure
• Professor of Medicine
• University of Maryland School of Medicine

Helmut Grasberger, MD

• Research Assistant Professor
• University of Michigan

Fran Grodstein, ScD

• Epidemiologist
• Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center
• Adjunct Professor of Epidemiology
• Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health

Michael A Gropper, MD, PhD

• Professor and Chair
• Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care
• University of California, San Francisco

Aditi Gupta, MD

• Associate Professor
• University of Kansas Medical Center

Renuka Gupta, MD, FHM, FACP

• Assistant Professor
• NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital
• Weill Cornell Medicine

Laurie Gutmann, MD

• Professor and Chair, Department of Neurology
• Indiana University School of Medicine
• Indiana University Health

Robert G Hahn, MD, PhD

• Professor of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care
• Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

Janet E Hall, MD

• Reproductive Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School
• Clinical Director, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences

Julianne M Hall, PhD

• Associate Professor of Medical Sciences
• Quinnipiac University Frank H. Netter MD School of Medicine

Gary D Hammer, MD, PhD

• Millie Schembechler Professor of Adrenal Cancer
• University of Michigan

Amir H Hamrahian, MD

• Associate Professor of Medicine
• Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism
• Johns Hopkins University

Jennifer Harrington, MBBS, PhD

• Department of Pediatrics, University of Adelaide, Division of Endocrinology, Women's and Children's Health Network

Griffith R Harsh, IV, MD, MBA

• Professor and Chairman, Department of Neurological Surgery
• University of California, Davis

Frances J Hayes, MD

• Associate Professor of Medicine
• Harvard Medical School

Rodney A Hayward, MD

• Professor of Medicine and Public Health
• University of Michigan

William L Henrich, MD, MACP

• Professor of Medicine
• President of the Health Science Center
• University of Texas Health Science Center School of Medicine

N Lynn Henry, MD, PhD

• Associate Professor
• University of Michigan Medical School

Tamara Hew-Butler, DPM, PhD, FACSM

• Associate Professor, Exercise and Sports Science
• College of Education, Wayne State University

Sylvia Hewitt, MS

• Senior Research Associate, Pregnancy & Female Reproduction, Reproductive & Developmental Biology Laboratory, RDBL
• National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
• National Institutes of Health

Karl F Hilgers, MD

• Professor of Internal Medicine and Hypertension Research
• Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen-Nuremberg
• Vice Chair, Department of Nephrology and Hypertension
• Erlangen University Hospital

Olaf Hiort, MD

• Professor
• University of Lübeck

Irl B Hirsch, MD

• Section Editor — Diabetes Mellitus
• Professor of Medicine
• University of Washington School of Medicine

Michelle A Hladunewich, MD, FRCPC, MSc

• Associate Professor of Medicine
• University of Toronto

Jacqueline Ho, MD

• Assistant Professor of Obstetrics & Gynecology
• University of Southern California

Ewout J Hoorn, MD, PhD

• Professor of Nephrology
• Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

Lesley D Hordon, MD

• Consultant in Rheumatology
• University of Leeds, United Kingdom

Mark D Hornstein, MD

• Professor of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Biology
• Harvard Medical School

Mara J Horwitz, MD

• Assistant Professor of Medicine
• University of Pittsburgh

Heather Huddleston, MD

• Professor
• Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences
• Center for Reproductive Health
• Division of Reproductive Endocrine and Infertility
• Obstetrics and Gynecology
• University of California San Francisco (UCSF)

Lesley A Inker, MD, MS

• Associate Professor of Medicine
• Tufts University School of Medicine

Silvio E Inzucchi, MD

• Professor of Medicine
• Yale University School of Medicine

Olav Istre, MD, PhD

• Professor, Deptartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology
• South Danish University
• Odense, Denmark

Arun Jeyabalan, MD, MSCR

• Associate Professor, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences
• University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine

Douglas C Johnson, MD

• Associate Professor, Department of Medicine
• Tufts University School of Medicine

Eric Jonasch, MD

• Professor
• The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center

Lynne C Jones, PhD

• Associate Professor, Orthopaedic Surgery
• Director, Center for Osteonecrosis Research and Education
• Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine

Harald Jüppner, MD

• Professor of Pediatrics
• Harvard Medical School

Dipti V Kamani, MD

• Clinical Research Specialist
• Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary

Andre A Kaplan, MD

• Professor of Medicine
• University of Connecticut Health Center

S Ananth Karumanchi, MD

• Visiting Professor, Harvard Medical School
• Medallion Chair in Vascular Biology
• Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles

Laurence Katznelson, MD

• Associate Dean of Graduate Medical Education
• Professor of Neurosurgery and Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism)
• Stanford School of Medicine

Andrew M Kaunitz, MD

• Professor and Associate Chairman
• Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
• University of Florida College of Medicine-Jacksonville

Electron Kebebew, MD, FACS

• Professor of Surgery
• Chief, Division of General Surgery
• Harry A. Oberhelman, Jr. and Mark L. Welton Professor
• Program Leader, Endocrine Oncology Program
• Stanford Cancer Center

Ellie Kelepouris, MD, FAHA

• Professor of Clinical Medicine
• University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine

Jennifer Kerns, MD, MPH

• Assistant Professor
• University of California, San Francisco

Nadia A Khan, MD, MSc

• Professor of Medicine
• University of British Columbia, Canada

Mohit Khera, MD, MBA, MPH

• Professor, Scott Department of Urology
• Baylor College of Medicine

Stephen E Kimmel, MD, MS

• Professor of Epidemiology
• University of Florida

Irwin Klein, MD

• Professor of Medicine and Endocrinology
• NYU School of Medicine

Martin Konrad, MD

• Professor of Pediatric Nephrology, University Hospital Münster, Germany

Kenneth S Korach, PhD

• NIH Emeritus Scientist, Reproductive & Developmental Biology Laboratory
• National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health

William J Kovacs, MD

• Professor of Medicine
• Penn State College of Medicine

Csaba P Kovesdy, MD, FASN

• Professor of Medicine
• University of Tennessee Health Science Center

Florian Kronenberg, MD

• Professor of Genetic Epidemiology
• Medical University of Innsbruck

Aleksandra Kukla, MD

• Associate Professor of Medicine
• University of Minnesota

Matthew Kulke, MD

• Chief, Hematology and Oncology, Boston Medical Center
• Deputy Director, Cancer Center, Boston University School of Medicine

Wendy Kuohung, MD

• Associate Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology
• Boston University School of Medicine

Janet L Kwiatkowski, MD, MSCE

• Director, Thalassemia Program
• Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
• Professor of Pediatrics
• Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania

André Lacroix, MD

• Section Editor — Adrenal Disease
• Professor of Medicine
• University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Blandine Laferrère, MD

• Professor of Medicine, Obesity Nutrition Research Center
• Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons

Stephen LaFranchi, MD

• Professor of Pediatrics
• Oregon Health & Sciences University

Richard A Larson, MD

• Editor-in-Chief — Hematology
• Section Editor — Leukemia
• Professor of Medicine
• University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine

Marc R Laufer, MD

• Professor of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology
• Harvard Medical School

Elizabeth A Lawson, MD, MMSc

• Associate Professor of Medicine
• Harvard Medical School

Stephen Lazarou, MD

• Clinical Instructor of Urology
• Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
• Harvard Medical School

Dan I Lebovic, MD

• Affiliate
• Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
• Dell Medical School, University of Texas, Austin

Krista L Lentine, MD, PhD

• Professor of Medicine
• Saint Louis University School of Medicine

Edgar V Lerma, MD, FACP, FASN, FAHA

• SGIM Peer Reviewer
• Clinical Professor of Medicine
• University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine

Barbara S Levy, MD, FACOG

• Vice President for Health Policy
• American College of Obstetricians & Gynecologists

E Michael Lewiecki, MD

• Director
• New Mexico Clinical Research & Osteoporosis Center

Rodger A Liddle, MD

• Professor of Medicine
• Duke University Medical School

Kee-Hak Lim, MD

• Clinical Associate Professor of Obstetrics & Gynecology
• Tufts University School of Medicine

Robert B Lim, MD, FACS, FASMBS

• Vice Chair of Education
• Oklahoma University-Physicians Tulsa
• Professor of Surgery
• Oklahoma University School of Medicine Tulsa

Cornelis J Lips, MD, PhD

• Professor of Endocrinology and Metabolism
• Department of Internal Medicine
• University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands

Kasia J Lipska, MD, MHS

• Associate Professor of Medicine (Endocrinology)
• Yale School of Medicine

Shane T Lipskind, MD

• Clinical Assistant Professor
• Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
• University of Arizona College of Medicine

Simin Liu, MD, ScD

• Professor, Departments of Epidemiology, Surgery, and Medicine
• Brown University

Jay S Loeffler, MD

• Section Editor — Neurooncology
• Professor of Radiation Oncology
• Harvard Medical School

Jose Lopez-Sendon, MD, PhD

• Chief, Cardiology Department
• Hospital Universitario La Paz
• Instituto de Investigación La Paz

Charles L Loprinzi, MD

• Regis Professor of Breast Cancer Research
• Mayo Clinic College of Medicine

Beatrice Lupsa, MD

• Assistant Professor of Medicine
• Yale University School of Medicine

Naim Maalouf, MD

• Associate Professor of Medicine
• University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center

Tessa Madden, MD, MPH

• Associate Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology
• Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine

Carl D Malchoff, MD, PhD

• Emeritus Professor Medicine/Endocrinology
• UConn Health

Jess Mandel, MD

• Section Editor — Pulmonary Vascular Disease
• Kenneth M. Moser Professor of Medicine
• Chief, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine
• Vice-Chair for Education, Department of Internal Medicine
• UC San Diego School of Medicine

Johannes FE Mann, MD

• Professor of Medicine
• Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg

Samuel J Mann, MD

• Professor of Clinical Medicine
• Division of Nephrology and Hypertension
• NY Presbyterian Hospital – Weill Cornell Medical College

Warren J Manning, MD

• Section Editor — Noninvasive Cardiac Imaging and Stress Testing
• Professor of Medicine and Radiology
• Harvard Medical School

Michael Mannstadt, MD

• Associate Professor of Medicine
• Harvard Medical School

Stavros C Manolagas, MD, PhD

• Professor of Medicine
• University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences

Christos Mantzoros, MD, DSc

• Professor of Medicine
• Harvard Medical School

Ellen F Manzullo, MD, FACP

• Professor of Medicine
• Department of General Internal Medicine
• University of Texas
• MD Anderson Cancer Center

Karen J Marcus, MD

• Associate Professor of Radiation Oncology
• Harvard Medical School
• Boston Children's Hospital
• Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

Kathryn A Martin, MD

• Senior Deputy Editor — UpToDate
• Deputy Editor — Endocrinology and Patient Education
• Assistant Professor of Medicine
• Harvard Medical School

Alvin M Matsumoto, MD

• Section Editor — Male Reproductive Endocrinology
• Professor of Medicine
• University of Washington School of Medicine

Colin McDonald, MD

• Instructor in Neurology
• Harvard Medical School

Kevin T McVary, MD, FACS

• Director of the Center for Male Health
• Professor of Urology
• Department of Urology
• Stritch School of Medicine
• Loyola University Medical Center

Ankit Mehta, MD

• Assistant Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Dallas
• Associate Program Director, Internal Medicine Residency, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas

James B Meigs, MD, MPH

• Professor of Medicine
• Harvard Medical School

Shlomo Melmed, MD

• Executive Vice President and Dean
• Cedars Sinai Medical Center
• Professor of Medicine
• University of California at Los Angeles School of Medicine

Deborah P Merke, MD, MS

• Pediatric Endocrinologist
• Bethesda, MD

Theo E Meyer, MD, PhD

• Section Editor — Heart Failure
• Professor of Medicine
• Interim Chief, Cardiology
• University of Massachusetts Medical School
• UMass Memorial Medical Center

Stacey Milan, MD

• Assistant Professor of Surgery
• Texas A&M Health Sciences Center
• Baylor Scott and White Health (Temple, TX)

Brent W Miller, MD

• Michael A. Kraus Professor of Medicine, Clinical Chief of Nephrology
• Indiana University School of Medicine

Karen K Miller, MD

• Professor of Medicine
• Harvard Medical School

Paul D Miller, MD

• Distinguished Clinical Professor of Medicine
• University of Colorado Health Sciences Center

Madhusmita Misra, MD, MPH

• Fritz Bradley Talbot and Nathan Bill Talbot Professor of Pediatrics
• Harvard Medical School

Mohamed FM Mitwally, MD, HCLD, FACOG

• Medical Director
• Reproductive Endocrinology & Infertility
• Baptist Medical Center

Michael A Mont, MD

• Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
• Vice President, Strategic Initiatives
• System Chief of Joint Reconstruction
• Orthopaedic Institute at Lenox Hill

James P Morgan, MD, PhD

• Professor of Medicine
• Tufts University School of Medicine

R Sean Morrison, MD

• Section Editor — Selected End Stage Conditions
• Hermann Merkin Professor of Palliative Care
• Mount Sinai School of Medicine

Amy K Mottl, MD

• Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension
• University of North Carolina School of Medicine

David B Mount, MD

• Assistant Professor of Medicine
• Harvard Medical School
• Associate/Clinical Chief, Renal Division
• Brigham and Women's Hospital
• Renal Division, VA Boston

Dariush Mozaffarian, MD, DrPH

• Dean of Friedman School of Nutrition Science & Policy
• Jean Mayer Professor of Nutrition and Medicine
• Tufts University

Jean E Mulder, MD

• Director of Editorial Projects — UpToDate
• Deputy Editor — Endocrinology and Diabetes
• Instructor in Medicine
• Harvard Medical School

Medha Munshi, MD

• Director of Joslin Geriatric Diabetes Programs
• Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
• Associate Professor of Medicine
• Harvard Medical School

Richard W Nesto, MD

• Chief Medical Officer
• Beth Israel Lahey Health
• Professor of Medicine
• Tufts University School of Medicine

Jonathan D Newman, MD, MPH, FAHA, FACC

• Eugene Braunwald MD Assistant Professor of Cardiology (Medicine)
• The Leon H Charney Division of Cardiology
• The Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease
• New York University School of Medicine

Thomas Nickolas, MD, MS

• Associate Professor of Medicine
• Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Nephrology

Lynnette K Nieman, MD

• Section Editor — Adrenal Disease
• Senior Investigator
• Bethesda, MD

Kutluk Oktay, MD, PhD, FACOG

• Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences
• Yale University School of Medicine

Jeffrey W Olin, DO

• Professor of Medicine (Cardiology)
• Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai

Thomas L Ortel, MD, PhD

• Professor of Medicine & Pathology
• Hemostasis & Thrombosis Center, Duke University

Alison M Pack, MD

• Professor of Neurology
• Columbia University Irving Medical Center

Stephanie T Page, MD, PhD

• Professor of Medicine
• University of Washington School of Medicine

Paul M Palevsky, MD

• Section Editor — Acute Kidney Injury
• Professor of Medicine
• University of Pittsburgh
• VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System

Biff F Palmer, MD

• Professor of Internal Medicine
• University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center

Mark R Palmert, MD, PhD

• Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto
• Division of Endocrinology, Hospital for Sick Children

Richard Paulson, MD, MS

• Alia Tutor Chair in Reproductive Medicine
• Professor and Vice-Chair, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
• Chief, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility
• Keck School of Medicine
• University of Southern California

Sassan Pazirandeh, MD

• Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
• Kaiser Permanente Medical Center

Antonio Pellicer, MD

• Professor
• Instituto Valenciano de Infertilidad (IVI)

Vlado Perkovic, MBBS, PhD

• Executive Director
• George Institute Australia and Professor of Medicine, University of NSW, Sydney

Leigh Perreault, MD

• Associate Professor of Medicine
• University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
• Associate Professor of Epidemiology
• Colorado School of Public Health

Ronald D Perrone, MD

• Section Editor — Cystic Disease
• Professor of Medicine
• Tufts University School of Medicine

Massimo Pietropaolo, MD

• McNair Type 1 Diabetes Scholar
• Professor of Medicine, Pathology and Immunology
• Baylor College of Medicine

Michael Pignone, MD, MPH

• Chair, Department of Medicine
• The University of Texas at Austin
• Dell Medical School

Duane S Pinto, MD, MPH

• Associate Professor of Medicine
• Harvard Medical School

Anastassios G Pittas, MD, MS

• Professor of Medicine
• Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism
• Tufts Medical Center

Nelly Pitteloud, MD

• Professor in Medicine
• Lausanne University Switzerland

Sharon E Plon, MD, PhD

• Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center
• Professor
• Pediatrics/Hematology-Oncology
• Molecular and Human Genetics
• Human Genome Sequencing Center
• Baylor College of Medicine

Philip J Podrid, MD, FACC

• Professor of Medicine, Professor of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
• Boston University School of Medicine
• Lecturer, Harvard Medical School

Marc A Pohl, MD

• Past, Ray W. Gifford, Jr., MD Endowed Chair in Hypertension
• Consultant Staff
• Department of Nephrology and Hypertension
• Glickman Urologic and Kidney Institute
• Cleveland Clinic

Raoul Poupon, MD

• Professor of Hepatology and Gastroenterology
• University Pierre et Marie Curie
• UPMC, Sorbonne University, Paris, France

Camille E Powe, MD

• Assistant Professor
• Harvard Medical School

Ching-Hon Pui, MD

• Chair of the Department of Oncology
• Fahad Al-Rashid Chair of Leukemia Research
• St. Jude's Children's Hospital
• American Cancer Society Professor
• Professor of Pediatrics
• University of Tennessee Health Science Center

L Darryl Quarles, MD

• Section Editor — Renal Osteodystrophy
• Director, Division of Nephrology
• Associate Dean for Research
• The University of Tennessee Health Science Center

Wajeh Y Qunibi, MD

• Professor of Medicine
• University of Texas Health Sciences Center

Catherine Racowsky, PhD

• Professor Emerita of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology
• Harvard Medical School
• University Consultant, Hospital Foch, Suresnes, France

Jai Radhakrishnan, MD, MS

• Professor of Medicine
• Columbia University Medical Center

Hershel Raff, PhD

• Professor of Medicine
• Medical College of Wisconsin and the AdvocateAurora Research Institute

Frederic F Rahbari-Oskoui, MD, MSCR

• Professor of Medicine
• Emory University School of Medicine

Nalini Ram, MD

• Professor of Medicine
• Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism
• Baylor College of Medicine

Patrick S Ramsey, MD, MSPH

• Professor, OB/GYN Chief, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine
• Director, Maternal-Fetal Medicine Fellowship
• Medical Director, Maternal Transport
• University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio

Gregory W Randolph, MD, FACS

• Associate Professor in Otology & Laryngology
• Harvard Medical School

Lawrence D Recht, MD

• Professor of Neurology
• Stanford University School of Medicine

Samuel Refetoff, MD

• Professor of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Committee on Genetics
• University of Chicago

Erick J Richmond, MD

• Chief of Pediatric Endocrinology, National Children's Hospital
• San Jose, Costa Rica

Arieh Riskin, MD, MHA, PhD

• Department of Neonatology
• Bnai Zion Medical Center, Israel
• Clinical Associate Professor
• Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel

R Paul Robertson, MD

• Professor Emeritus
• University of Washington
• University of Minnesota

Paul D Robinson, MBChB, MRCPCH, FRACP, PhD

• Staff Specialist, Department of Respiratory Medicine
• The Children's Hospital at Westmead
• Associate Professor, The University of Sydney, Australia

Andrea Roe, MD, MPH

• Assistant Professor
• Perelman School of Medicine
• University of Pennsylvania

Alan D Rogol, MD, PhD

• Professor Emeritus
• University of Virginia

Sanziana Roman, MD, FACS

• Professor of Surgery
• University of California, San Francisco

Guy Rordorf, MD

• Associate Professor of Neurology
• Harvard Medical School

Clifford J Rosen, MD

• Section Editor — Bone Disease
• Professor of Nutrition
• University of Maine
• Professor of Medicine
• Tufts University School of Medicine

Harold N Rosen, MD

• Associate Professor in Medicine
• Harvard Medical School

Mitchell Rosen, MD, HCLD

• Professor
• University of California San Francisco

Raymond C Rosen, PhD

• Adjunct Full Professor of Psychiatry
• UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA

Michael Rosenbaum, MD

• Professor, Pediatrics and Medicine at CUIMC
• Associate Director, CTSA/Clinical Research Resource
• Columbia University Irving Medical Center

Robert L Rosenfield, MD

• Professor Emeritus of Pediatrics and Medicine
• Pritzker School of Medicine of the University of Chicago
• Adjunct Professor of Pediatrics
• University of California, San Francisco

Robert S Rosenson, MD

• Section Editor — Lipids
• Professor of Medicine
• Mount Sinai School of Medicine
• Director, Cardiometabolic Disorders
• Mount Sinai Heart

Mitchell H Rosner, MD

• Professor of Medicine
• University of Virginia Health System

Douglas S Ross, MD

• Section Editor — Thyroid Disease
• Professor of Medicine
• Harvard Medical School

Natalia S Rost, MD, MPH

• Professor of Neurology
• Harvard Medical School

Devon I Rubin, MD

• Professor of Neurology
• Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science

Bruce A Runyon, MD, FAASLD

• Section Editor — Cirrhosis and Its Complications
• Special Hepatology Consultant to the Indian Health Service
• Northern Navajo Medical Center, Shiprock, New Mexico

Kenneth G Saag, MD, MSc

• Professor of Medicine
• University of Alabama at Birmingham

Michael S Sabel, MD

• Professor of Surgery
• University of Michigan Medical School

Joshua D Safer, MD, FACP

• Executive Director, Center for Transgender Medicine and Surgery
• Mount Sinai Health System and Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai

Richard J Santen, MD

• Professor of Medicine
• University of Virginia Health Sciences Center

A Oliver Sartor, MD

• Laborde Professor for Cancer Research
• Medical Director, Tulane Cancer Center
• Depts. of Medicine and Urology
• Tulane Medical School

Mark V Sauer, MD, MS

• Professor and Chairman of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences
• Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School

William H Sauer, MD

• Director, Cardiac Electrophysiology
• Brigham and Women's Hospital

Richard H Savel, MD, FCCM

• Professor of Clinical Medicine
• SUNY Downstate College of Medicine

Morris Schambelan, MD

• Professor Emeritus of Medicine
• University of California San Francisco

Michael Schatz, MD, MS

• Clinical Professor, Department of Medicine
• University of California San Diego School of Medicine

Steven J Scheinman, MD

• President and Dean, Professor of Medicine
• Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine

Robert S Schenken, MD

• Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology
• University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio

Rachel Schiff, PhD

• Associate Professor
• Breast Center
• Baylor College of Medicine

Arthur B Schneider, MD, PhD

• Professor Emeritus of Medicine
• University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine

Emre Seli, MD

• Associate Professor of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences
• Yale University School of Medicine

Elizabeth Selvin, PhD, MPH

• Professor of Epidemiology and Medicine
• Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health

Shanti Serdy, MD

• Instructor in Medicine
• Harvard Medical School

Daniel J Sexton, MD

• Editor-in-Chief — Infectious Diseases
• Section Editor — Bacterial Infections
• Professor of Medicine
• Duke University Medical Center

Anjali R Shah, MD

• Clinical Assistant Professor
• Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center
• University of Michigan Medical School

Elizabeth Shane, MD

• Professor of Medicine
• Columbia University Irving Medical Center

Charles L Shapiro, MD

• Professor of Medicine
• Director of Translational Breast Cancer Research
• Director of Cancer Survivorship, Tisch Cancer Institute

Asif Sharfuddin, MD, FASN, FAST

• Associate Professor of Clinical Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Transplant
• Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine

Howard T Sharp, MD

• Section Editor — Gynecologic Surgery
• Professor and Vice Chair for Clinical Activities
• Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
• University of Utah Health Sciences Center

Natalie Shaw, MD, MMSc

• Lasker Clinical Research Scholar
• Pediatric Neuroendocrinology Group
• National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS/NIH)
• Adjunct Associate Professor of Pediatrics
• University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Duke University

Eric J Sherman, MD

• Assistant Attending Physician
• Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center

Steven I Sherman, MD

• Naguib Samaan Distinguished Professor in Endocrinology
• University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center

Jan L Shifren, MD

• Vincent Trustees Professor of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology
• Harvard Medical School

Helen A Shih, MD, MS, MPH

• Professor of Radiation Oncology
• Harvard Medical School
• Attending Radiation Oncologist
• Massachusetts General Hospital

Baha M Sibai, MD

• Professor, Maternal-Fetal Medicine Division
• Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences
• The University of Texas Medical School at Houston

Colin A Sieff, MB, BCh, FRCPath

• Associate Professor of Pediatrics
• Boston Children's Hospital

Paolo S Silva, MD

• Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology
• Harvard Medical School
• Chief of Telemedicine and Staff Ophthalmologist
• Beetham Eye Institute, Joslin Diabetes Center

Shonni J Silverberg, MD

• Professor of Medicine
• Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons

Jennifer A Sipos, MD

• Professor of Medicine
• The Ohio State University College of Medicine

Albert L Siu, MD, MSPH

• Professor
• Department of Geriatrics and Pallative Medicine
• Mount Sinai School of Medicine

Marco L A Sivilotti, MD, MSc, FRCPC, FACMT, FAACT

• Professor of Emergency Medicine and of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences
• Queen's University, Kingston Canada

Roderick Skinner, PhD, MBChB, FRCPCH

• Consultant in Paediatric and Adolescent Oncology/Bone Marrow Transplantation
• Honorary Professor of Childhood Cancer
• Great North Children's Hospital
• Northern Institute of Cancer Research, Newcastle University

C Christopher Smith, MD

• Associate Professor of Medicine
• Harvard Medical School

Joseph A Smith, MD

• Professor and Chairman of Urologic Surgery
• Vanderbilt University School of Medicine

Meghan B Smith, MD

• Assistant Professor of Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility
• University of Southern California

Nicole A Smith, MD, MPH

• Assistant Professor of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology
• Harvard Medical School

Timothy W Smith, MD, PhD

• Professor of Medicine
• Washington University School of Medicine

Peter J Snyder, MD

• Editor-in-Chief — Endocrinology
• Section Editor — Pituitary Disease; Male Reproductive Endocrinology
• Professor of Medicine
• University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine

Sérgio Reis Soares, MD

• Director
• Valencian Infertility Institute (IVI) - Lisbon, Portugal

Murat Sonmezer, MD

• Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
• Ankara University School of Medicine, Turkey

Serene S Srouji, MD

• Assistant Professor of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology
• Harvard Medical School

Lisa K Stamp, FRACP, PhD

• Professor of Medicine
• University of Otago, Christchurch

James H Stein, MD

• Robert Turell Professor in Cardiovascular Research
• Director, Preventive Cardiology
• Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine Division
• University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
• University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics

Richard H Sterns, MD

• Editor-in-Chief — Nephrology
• Section Editor — Fluid and Electrolytes
• Professor Emeritus
• University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry

Michael Stowasser, MD

• Director
• Endocrine Hypertension Research Centre, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute
• Greenslopes and Princess Alexandra Hospitals, Brisbane, Australia

Robert J Stratta, MD

• Professor of Surgery, Director of Transplantation
• Wake Forest School of Medicine

Jonathan R Strosberg, MD

• Professor
• Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology
• H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center

Jason R Stubbs, MD

• Associate Professor of Medicine
• Division of Nephrology & Hypertension
• University of Kansas Medical Center

Sonia L Sugg, MD

• Professor of Surgery
• Division of Surgical Oncology and Endocrine Surgery, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine

Martin I Surks, MD

• Professor of Medicine and Pathology
• Albert Einstein College of Medicine

Brooke Swearingen, MD

• Professor of Surgery (Neurosurgery)
• Harvard Medical School

Harold Szerlip, MD, FACP, FCCP, FASN, FNKF

• Clinical Professor of Medicine
• Medical University of South Carolina
• Adjunct Professor of Medicine
• Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine

Christine C Tangney, PhD

• Professor of Clinical Nutrition
• Rush University Medical Center

Vin Tangpricha, MD, PhD

• Professor of Medicine
• Emory University School of Medicine

Mary-Ellen Taplin, MD

• Professor of Medicine
• Harvard Medical School

Stephen Textor, MD

• Professor of Medicine
• Division of Nephrology and Hypertension
• Mayo Clinic College of Medicine
• Rochester, Minnesota

George Thomas, MD, MPH, FACP, FASN

• Director, Center for Blood Pressure Disorders, Cleveland Clinic
• Assistant Professor, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine

Kevin Thornton, MD

• Clinical Professor
• University of California San Francisco School of Medicine

Raymond R Townsend, MD

• Professor of Medicine
• Perelman School of Medicine
• University of Pennsylvania

Togas Tulandi, MD, MHCM, FRCSC, FACOG, FCAHS

• Professor and Chair of Obstetrics and Gynecology
• Milton Leong Chair in Reproductive Medicine
• McGill University, Canada

David Turok, MD

• Associate Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
• University of Utah
• Director, Division of Family Planning
• Director, Family Planning Fellowship

Katherine R Tuttle, MD, FASN, FACP, FNKF

• Professor of Medicine, Nephrology Division
• Kidney Research Institute, Institute of Translational Health Sciences, University of Washington

R Michael Tuttle, MD

• Professor of Medicine
• Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

Miriam S Udler, MD, PhD

• Assistant Professor of Medicine
• Harvard Medical School

Laurence C Udoff, MD

• Reproductive Endocrinologist
• Genetics and IVF Institute

André P van Beek, MD, PhD

• Associate Professor
• Department of Endocrinology
• University Medical Center Groningen
• University of Groningen, the Netherlands

Joseph Varon, MD, FACP, FCCP, FCCM, FRSM

• Professor of Acute and Continuing Care, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
• Clinical Professor of Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch

Adrian Vella, MD

• Professor of Medicine
• Mayo Clinic

John Vella, MD, FACP, FRCP, FASN, FAST

• Section Editor — Kidney Transplantation
• Associate Professor of Medicine
• Tufts University School of Medicine

Sandeep Vijan, MD

• Professor of Internal Medicine
• University of Michigan

Paolo Vitti, MD

• Professor
• University of Pisa, Italy

Frans J Th Wackers, MD, PhD

• Professor Emeritus of Diagnostic Radiology and Medicine
• Yale University School of Medicine

David Richard Walega, MD

• Associate Professor
• Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine

Melissa Weinberg, MD

• Assistant Clinical Professor of Medicine
• University of California, San Francisco

Steven E Weinberger, MD

• Adjunct Professor of Medicine
• University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
• Executive Vice President and CEO Emeritus
• American College of Physicians

Ruth S Weinstock, MD, PhD

• Distinguished Service Professor
• SUNY Upstate Medical University

Amy C Weintrob, MD

• Associate Professor of Medicine
• The George Washington University and Veterans Affairs Medical Center

Roy E Weiss, MD, PhD

• Professor and Chairman
• University of Miami Miller School of Medicine

Corrine K Welt, MD

• Professor of Medicine
• University of Utah School of Medicine

Deborah J Wexler, MD, MSc

• Associate Professor of Medicine
• Harvard Medical School
• Clinical Director
• MGH Diabetes Center

Jonathan Whittaker, MD, MRCP

• Associate Professor
• Case Western Reserve University

Michael Wiederkehr, MD

• Associate Professor, Department of Internal Medicine
• Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Dallas

Walter C Willett, MD, DrPh

• Professor of Epidemiology and Nutrition
• Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health

Selma F Witchel, MD

• Director, Pediatric Endocrinology, Fellowship Training Program, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh
• Professor of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine

Sri G Yarlagadda, MD

• Associate Professor
• University of Kansas Medical Center

Linwah Yip, MD

• Associate Professor of Surgery
• University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine

Kimberly A Yonkers, MD

• Katz Family Endowed Chair
• Professor and Chair of the Department of Psychiatry
• University of Massachusetts Medical School and UMass Memorial Healthcare

William F Young, Jr, MD, MSc

• Professor of Medicine
• Mayo Clinic College of Medicine

Alan S L Yu, MB, BChir

• Harry Statland and Solon Summerfield Professor of Medicine
• University of Kansas Medical Center

Elaine W Yu, MD

• Assistant Professor of Medicine
• Harvard Medical School

Chloe Zera, MD, MPH

• Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine
• Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
• Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology
• Harvard Medical Center

Stéphane Zuily, MD, MPH, PhD

• Professor of Medicine
• Nancy School of Medicine of Lorraine University
• Attending Physician
• Vascular Medicine Division, Nancy Academic Hospital

Peer Reviewers

Sarah L Berga, MD

• Professor and Chair
• Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
• Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences
• University at Buffalo, SUNY

Mary Bouxsein, PhD

• Assistant Professor
• Harvard Medical School

Henry B Burch, MD

• Professor of Medicine
• Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences

Marcelle I Cedars, MD

• Chief of the Division of Endocrinology and Infertility
• University of California, San Francisco

Michael Econs, MD

• Associate Professor of Medicine
• Indiana University School of Medicine

Vera T Fajtova, MD

• Assistant Professor of Clinical Medicine
• Harvard Medical School

Ashley Grossman, BA, BSc, MD, FRCP, FMedSci

• Professor of Endocrinology
• University of Oxford

Nils Krone, MD

• Reader in Paediatric Endocrinology
• University of Sheffield

Lawrence A Leiter, MD, FRCPC, FACP

• Head, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism
• St. Michael's Hospital
• Professor of Medicine and Nutritional Sciences
• University of Toronto, Canada

Franco Mantero, MD, PhD

• Professor of Endocrinology
• University of Padua, Italy

Robert I McLachlan, MD, PhD

• Principal Research Fellow and Director of Clinical Research
• Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Australia

John C Morris, MD

• Professor of Endocrinology & Internal Medicine
• Mayo Medical School

John Newell-Price, MA, PhD, FRCP

• Senior Lecturer and Consultant Endocrinologist
• The University of Sheffield

Sharon E Oberfield, MD

• Professor of Pediatrics
• Columbia University Medical Center

Susan M Ott, MD

• Associate Professor of Medicine
• University of Washington School of Medicine

Massimo Pietropaolo, MD

• McNair Type 1 Diabetes Scholar
• Professor of Medicine, Pathology and Immunology
• Baylor College of Medicine

Hershel Raff, PhD

• Professor of Medicine
• Medical College of Wisconsin and the AdvocateAurora Research Institute

Elizabeth Shane, MD

• Professor of Medicine
• Columbia University Irving Medical Center

Shonni J Silverberg, MD

• Professor of Medicine
• Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons

Ethel Siris, MD

• Section Editor — Disorders of Bone
• Madeline C. Stabile Professor of Clinical Medicine
• Columbia University

Robert J Smith, MD

• Professor of Medicine - Endocrinology
• Alpert Medical School of Brown University

Massimo Terzolo, MD

• Associate Professor of Internal Medicine
• University of Turin, Italy

David J Torpy, MBBS, PhD, FRACP

• Associate Professor in Medicine
• University of Adelaide
• Senior Consultant Endocrinologist
• Royal Adelaide Hospital

Guy T'Sjoen, MD, PhD

• Professor of Endocrinology
• Ghent University Hospital

Corrine K Welt, MD

• Professor of Medicine
• University of Utah School of Medicine

Eugene E Wright, Jr, MD

• Consulting Associate
• Duke University School of Medicine

Frederick CW Wu, MD

• Professor of Medicine and Endocrinology
• University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom