姑息治疗

Robert M Arnold, MD

• Editor-in-Chief — Palliative Care
• Section Editor — General Principles of Palliative Care
• Chief, Section of Palliative Care and Medical Ethics
• University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine

Susan D Block, MD

• Editor-in-Chief — Palliative Care
• Section Editor — Psychosocial Issues
• Professor of Psychiatry
• Harvard Medical School

责任主编

Jane Givens, MD, MSCE

• Deputy Editor — Primary Care (Adult)

Diane MF Savarese, MD

• Senior Deputy Editor — UpToDate
• Deputy Editor — Oncology and Palliative Care
• Clinical Instructor of Medicine
• Harvard Medical School

副主编

Janet Abrahm, MD

• Section Editor — Pain: Assessment and Management
• Professor of Medicine
• Harvard Medical School

Robert M Arnold, MD

• Editor-in-Chief — Palliative Care
• Section Editor — General Principles of Palliative Care
• Chief, Section of Palliative Care and Medical Ethics
• University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine

Susan D Block, MD

• Editor-in-Chief — Palliative Care
• Section Editor — Psychosocial Issues
• Professor of Psychiatry
• Harvard Medical School

Eduardo Bruera, MD

• Section Editor — Non Pain Symptoms: Assessment and Management
• Professor of Oncology
• University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center at Houston

R Sean Morrison, MD

• Section Editor — Selected End Stage Conditions
• Hermann Merkin Professor of Palliative Care
• Mount Sinai School of Medicine

Christine Ritchie, MD, MSPH

• Section Editor — Palliative Care
• Ken Minaker Endowed Chair in Geriatric Medicine
• Research Director, Division of Palliative Care and Geriatric Medicine
• Massachusetts General Hospital Mongan Institute

Maria J Silveira, MD, MA, MPH

• Section Editor — Special Sites of Care and Allied Health Professions
• Clinician Scientist
• Ann Arbor VAMC
• Associate Professor of Internal Medicine
• University of Michigan

Thomas J Smith, MD, FACP, FASCO, FAAHPM

• Section Editor — Non Pain Symptoms: Assessment and Management
• Professor of Oncology
• Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center of Johns Hopkins Medical Institution

Authors

Laura Blockhus, BA

• Development Editor — UpToDate

Ava Garcia, BA

• Content Editor — UpToDate

Authors

Kathryn Agarwal, MD

• Assistant Professor of Medicine
• Baylor College of Medicine

Ebtesam Ahmed, PharmD, MS

• Clinical Professor, St. John's University College of Pharmacy
• Clinical Pharmacy Specialist, Innovative Institute for Palliative Care

Larry Allen, MD, MHS, FACC, FAHA, FHFSA

• Professor of Medicine
• Medical Director, Advanced Heart Failure and Transplantation
• University of Colorado School of Medicine

Robert M Arnold, MD

• Editor-in-Chief — Palliative Care
• Section Editor — General Principles of Palliative Care
• Chief, Section of Palliative Care and Medical Ethics
• University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine

Joseph A Arthur, MD, FAAHPM

• Associate Professor
• The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center

John R Bach, MD

• Professor, Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation
• Rutgers New Jersey Medical School

Travis P Baggett, MD, MPH

• Assistant Professor of Medicine
• Harvard Medical School

F Amos Bailey, MD

• Professor of Medicine
• University of Colorado at Denver

Michael J Balboni, PhD, ThM

• Instructor of Psychiatry
• Harvard Medical School

Tracy A Balboni, MD, MPH

• Associate Professor of Radiation Oncology
• Harvard Medical School

Margaret P Battin, MFA, PhD

• Distinguished Professor, Department of Philosophy and Division of Medical Ethics and Humanities
• University of Utah

Lisa M Bellini, MD

• Professor of Medicine
• University of Pennsylvania Medical Center

Mark Bilsky, MD

• Attending Neurologic Surgeon
• Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center
• Professor Neurologic Surgery
• Weill Medical College of Cornell University

Sharon L Bober, PhD

• Associate Professor of Psychiatry
• Harvard Medical School

Jeffrey A Bogart, MD

• Professor & Chair
• Department of Radiation Oncology
• Upstate Medical University

Liliana Bordeianou, MD, MPH

• Professor of Surgery
• Harvard Medical School

Barry A Borlaug, MD

• Section Editor — Heart Failure
• Professor of Medicine
• Mayo Clinic College of Medicine

D Craig Brater, MD

• Emeritus Dean
• Indiana University School of Medicine
• President
• Regenstrief Foundation
• President
• Alliance for Academic Internal Medicine

William Breitbart, MD

• Professor of Clinical Psychiatry
• Weill Medical College of Cornell University
• Chairman
• Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
• Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center

Paul Brown, MD

• Professor Radiation Oncology
• Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN

Rebecca Brown, MD, MPH

• Assistant Professor of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania
• Core Investigator, Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center
• Attending Physician, Geriatrics and Extended Care Program, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center

Eduardo Bruera, MD

• Section Editor — Non Pain Symptoms: Assessment and Management
• Professor of Oncology
• University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center at Houston

Gary Buckholz, MD, FAAHPM

• Associate Clinical Professor
• Doris Howell Palliative Care Service
• University of California, San Diego

Matthew R Callstrom, MD, PhD

• Professor of Radiology
• Mayo Clinic

Elise C Carey, MD

• Associate Professor of Medicine,
• Center for Palliative Medicine,
• Mayo Clinic

Daniel Carr, MD

• Professor of Public Health and Community Medicine
• Professor of Anesthesiology and Medicine
• Tufts University School of Medicine

David Cella, PhD

• Professor
• Feinberg School at Northwestern University

Elizabeth Chaitin, DHCE

• Assistant Professor, Section of Palliative Care and Medical Ethics Services
• University of Pittsburgh Medical Center

Victor T Chang, MD

• Professor of Medicine,
• Rutgers New Jersey Medical School,
• VA New Jersey Health Care System

Nathan Cherny, MD

• Associate Professor of Medicine
• Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheba, Israel

April Christensen, MD, MS

• Mayo Clinic

Diana Coffa, MD

• Associate Professor, Department of Family Community Medicine
• University of California, San Francisco

Audrey Kurash Cohen, MS, CCC-SLP

• Department of Speech, Language and Swallowing Disorders, Massachusetts General Hospital
• Adjunct Clinical Faculty, Communication and Sciences Department
• Massachusetts General Hospital Institute of Health Professions

David J Copenhaver, MD

• Director of Cancer Pain Management and Supportive Care, Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine Department
• University of California at Davis

J Randall Curtis, MD, MPH

• Professor of Medicine
• University of Washington

Shalini Dalal, MD

• Professor, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center

Timothy A Damron, MD

• Vice-Chair and David G. Murray Endowed Professor of Orthopedic Surgery
• SUNY Upstate Medical University

Marion Danis, MD

• Ethics Consultant

Sara N Davison, MD, MHSc, FRCP(C)

• Professor of Medicine
• University of Alberta
• Director, Kidney Supportive Care Research Group

Malcolm M DeCamp, MD

• Chair, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery
• K. Craig Kent Chair in Strategic Leadership
• Professor of Surgery
• University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health

Egidio Del Fabbro, MD

• Associate Professor of Hematology/Oncology and Palliative Care
• Virginia Commonwealth University

Mark H DeLegge, MD, FACG, AGAF

• Professor of Medicine
• Medical University of South Carolina

Rony Dev, DO

• Assistant Professor
• University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center

Lara K Dhingra, PhD

• Assistant Professor of Neurology and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
• Albert Einstein College of Medicine

Steven J DiBiase, MD

• Chief of Service
• Department of Radiation Oncology
• New York-Presbyterian Queens
• Vice Chairman and Assistant Professor (Interim)
• Weill Cornell Medical College

Anna L Dickerman, MD

• Assistant Professor of Psychiatry
• Weill Medical College of Cornell University

Michele DiTomas, MD

• Chief Medical Executive
• Hospice Medical Director
• California Medical Facility
• California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation

Reed E Drews, MD

• Section Editor — Complications of Cancer
• Associate Professor of Medicine
• Harvard Medical School

Deborah Dudgeon, MD, FRCPC

• Professor Emeritus, Queen's University

David H Ellison, MD, FASN, FAHA

• Professor of Medicine and Physiology & Pharmacology
• Oregon Health & Science University

Scott K Epstein, MD

• Professor of Medicine
• Tufts University School of Medicine

Karen Evans, MD

• Professor
• Georgetown University Medical Center

Betty Ferrell, PhD, MA, FAAN, FPCN

• Director and Professor, Division of Nursing Research and Education
• City of Hope Medical Center

Joseph Francis, Jr, MD, MPH

• Executive Director, Analytics and Performance Integration
• Veterans Health Administration, Washington, DC

Erik K Fromme, MD

• Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School
• Associate Physician at Brigham and Women's Hospital and Dana Farber Cancer Institute

Nestor Galvez-Jimenez, MD, MSc, MHSA, FACP

• The Pauline M. Braathen Endowed Chair
• Chairman, Department of Neurology
• Cleveland Clinic Florida
• Clinical Professor of Neurology
• Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine

Ann C Garlitski, MD, FACC, FHRS

• Assistant Professor of Medicine
• Tufts University School of Medicine

Jane Givens, MD, MSCE

• Deputy Editor — Primary Care (Adult)

Tessa Goldsmith, MA, CCC-SLP

• Department of Speech, Language and Swallowing Disorders, Massachusetts General Hospital
• Adjunct Clinical Faculty, Communication and Sciences Department
• Massachusetts General Hospital Institute of Health Professions

MeiLan King Han, MD, MS

• Section Editor for UpToDate Pathways and Clinical Effectiveness — COPD
• Professor
• University of Michigan Medical Center

George Handzo, BCC, CSSBB

• Director of Health Services Research & Quality
• HealthCare Chaplaincy, New York, NY

Laura C Hanson, MD, MPH

• Professor of Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine
• University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill

Stephanie M Harman, MD

• Clinical Associate Professor
• Stanford University School of Medicine

Julie Hauer, MD

• Assistant Professor
• Boston Children's Hospital

Jeremy M Hirst, MD

• Clinical Professor of Psychiatry
• UC San Diego School of Medicine
• Associate Director, Palliative Care Psychiatry
• Associate Director of Psychiatry and Psychological Services, Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego Health

Brian D Hoit, MD

• Professor of Medicine and Physiology and Biophysics
• Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland

Scott A Irwin, MD, PhD

• Professor of Psychiatry
• Director, Patient and Family Support Program
• Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute
• Cedars-Sinai Health System

Margaret L Isaac, MD

• Associate Professor of Medicine
• University of Washington

Koto Ishida, MD

• Associate Professor of Neurology
• NYU Medical Center

Vicki A Jackson, MD, MPH

• Associate Professor of Medicine
• Harvard Medical School

Juliet C Jacobsen, MD

• Assistant Professor of Medicine
• Harvard Medical School

Daisy JA Janssen, MD, PhD

• Research coordinator, Centre of Expertise for Palliative care
• Maastricht University Medical Centre

Noelle Marie Javier, MD

• Associate Professor of Medicine, Department of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine
• Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York

Milind Javle, MD

• Professor of Medicine
• University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
• Department of GI Medical Oncology

Lisa A Kachnic, MD, FASTRO

• Chu H Chang Professor and Chair
• Department of Radiation Oncology
• Columbia University Irving Medical Center
• Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center

Yair Y Keilson, MD

• Adjunct Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine
• Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine

Hillary R Kelly, MD

• Assistant Professor of Radiology
• Harvard Medical School

Stefan G Kertesz, MD, MSc

• Professor of Medicine
• University of Alabama at Birmingham

Paul J Kim, DPM, MS

• Professor
• Department of Plastic Surgery
• Department of Orthopedic Surgery
• University of Texas Southwestern
• Medical Director
• Wound Program
• University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center

Anne Kinderman, MD

• Associate Clinical Professor of Medicine, UCSF
• Director, Supportive & Palliative Care Service,
• Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital

Barbara A Koenig, PhD

• Professor of Medical Anthropology and Bioethics
• Institute for Health and Aging,
• University of California, San Francisco

Holly M Koncicki, MD

• Associate Professor
• Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai

Suresh Kumar, MBBS, DA, Dip Pall, MA

• Director, WHO Collaborating Center for Community Participation in Palliative Care and Long Term Care, Institute of Palliative Medicine
• Medical College, Calicut, Kerala, India

Anil Nicholas Kurup, MD

• Associate Professor of Radiology
• Mayo Clinic College of Medicine

Ruth L Lagman, MD, MPH, FACP, FAAHPM

• The Harry R. Horvitz Center for Palliative Medicine and Supportive Oncology
• Taussig Cancer Institute
• Cleveland Clinic

Sangeeta Lamba, MD

• Professor of Emergency Medicine
• Rutgers New Jersey Medical School

John D Lantos, MD

• Professor of Pediatrics
• University of Missouri - Kansas City

Ilya Laufer, MD

• Associate Professor of Neurosurgery
• NYU Grossman School of Medicine

Thomas W LeBlanc, MD, MA, MHS

• Associate Professor of Medicine
• Duke University School of Medicine

Sei Lee, MD

• Professor of Medicine
• University of California, San Francisco

Richard E Leiter, MD, MA

• Attending Physician
• Department of Psychosocial Oncology and Palliative Care
• Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
• Instructor of Medicine
• Harvard Medical School

Jon Levenson, MD

• Associate Clinical Professor of Psychiatry
• Columbia University

Elizabeth McCormick, MD

• Director of Home-Based Medical Care
• Cityblock Health

Zankhana Mehta, MD

• Department of Palliative and Supportive Medicine
• Geisinger Medical Center

Diane E Meier, MD, FACP

• Director, Center to Advance Palliative Care
• Director, Hertzberg Palliative Care Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine
• Professor, Geriatrics and Internal Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine

Sebastiano Mercadante, MD

• Main regional center for pain relief and supportive/palliative care,
• La Maddalena Cancer Center,
• Palermo, Italy

Jessica Merlin, MD

• PhD Associate
• University of Pittsburgh

Fremonta L Meyer, MD

• Assistant Professor of Psychiatry
• Harvard Medical School

Laura Miller-Smith, MD, HEC-C

• Associate Professor (provisional), Department of Pediatrics
• Doernbecher Children's Hospital, Oregon Health and Sciences University

Susan L Mitchell, MD, MPH

• Professor of Medicine
• Harvard Medical School

Marcos Montagnini, MD

• Professor of Internal Medicine
• University of Michigan

Anna C Muriel, MD

• Assistant Professor of Psychiatry
• Harvard Medical School

Eiad Nasser, MD

• University of Maryland Harford Memorial Hospital,
• University of Maryland Upper Chesapeake Medical Center

Tomasz R Okon, MD

• Assistant Professor of Medicine
• Mayo Clinic College of Medicine

David Oliver, BSc, FRCP, FRCGP

• Honorary Professor
• University of Kent

Shirley Otis-Green, MSW, MA, LCSW, ACSW, OSW-C

• Consultant
• Collaborative Caring

Joseph G Ouslander, MD

• Professor of Geriatric Medicine
• Senior Advisor to the Dean for Geriatrics
• Schmidt College of Medicine
• Florida Atlantic University

Meera Pahuja, MD

• Assistant Professor
• Virginia Commonwealth University Hospital System

Eliza Park, MD

• Assistant Professor of Psychiatry and Medicine
• University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Amy H Peterman, PhD

• Associate Professor
• University of North Carolina at Charlotte

Thaddeus M Pope, JD, PhD, HEC-C

• Professor, Mitchell Hamline School of Law

Russell K Portenoy, MD

• Chief Medical Officer
• MJHS Hospice and Palliative Care
• Professor of Neurology and Family and Social Medicine
• Albert Einstein College of Medicine

Christina M Puchalski, MD, MS, FACP, FAAHPM

• Director and Professor
• George Washington Institute for Spirituality and Health, School of Medicine and Health Sciences
• The George Washington University, Washington, DC

Tammie E Quest, MD

• Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine
• Emory University School of Medicine

Timothy E Quill, MD

• Professor of Medicine, Psychiatry, and Medical Humanities
• University of Rochester School of Medicine

Dmitry J Rabkin, MD, PhD

• Assistant Professor
• Harvard Medical School
• Division of Angiography and Interventional Radiology
• Brigham and Women's Hospital

Lynn F Reinke, PhD, ARNP

• Clinical Associate Professor, School of Nursing
• Department of Biobehavioral Nursing and Health Systems, University of Washington

Jacynthe Rivest, MD

• Clinical Assistant Professor in Psychiatry
• University of Montreal

Donald L Rosenstein, MD

• Professor of Psychiatry and Medicine
• University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Nan Rothrock, PhD

• Associate Professor
• Medical Social Sciences
• Feinberg School of Medicine
• Northwestern University

Peter P Roy-Byrne, MD

• Editor-in-Chief — Psychiatry
• Section Editor — Depressive Disorders
• Professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
• University of Washington School of Medicine

Bruce A Runyon, MD, FAASLD

• Section Editor — Cirrhosis and Its Complications
• Special Hepatology Consultant to the Indian Health Service
• Northern Navajo Medical Center, Shiprock, New Mexico

Michael J Sadighian, MSc

• University of California, San Francisco
• School of Medicine

A Oliver Sartor, MD

• Laborde Professor for Cancer Research
• Medical Director, Tulane Cancer Center
• Depts. of Medicine and Urology
• Tulane Medical School

Diane MF Savarese, MD

• Senior Deputy Editor — UpToDate
• Deputy Editor — Oncology and Palliative Care
• Clinical Instructor of Medicine
• Harvard Medical School

Yael Schenker, MD

• Associate Professor, Division of General Internal Medicine
• Section of Palliative Care and Medical Ethics
• University of Pittsburgh

David Schiff, MD

• Professor of Neurology, Neurological Surgery, and Medicine
• University of Virginia School of Medicine

Peter A Selwyn, MD, MPH

• Professor and Chairman, Department of Family and Social Medicine
• Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine

Mehnaz A Shafi, MD

• Professor of Medicine
• Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition
• MD Anderson Cancer Center

Maria J Silveira, MD, MA, MPH

• Section Editor — Special Sites of Care and Allied Health Professions
• Clinician Scientist
• Ann Arbor VAMC
• Associate Professor of Internal Medicine
• University of Michigan

Alexander Smith, MD

• Associate Professor of Medicine
• University of California, San Francisco

E Alessandra Strada, PhD, MSCP

• Palliative Care and Integrative Medicine Consultant
• Adjunct Faculty, Postdoctoral Psychopharmacology Program, Alliant University, San Francisco
• Palliative Care and Integrative Medicine Consultant
• Santa Cruz, California

Rebecca L Sudore, MD

• Professor of Medicine,
• Division of Geriatrics,
• University of California, San Francisco

Lisa Thompson, DMD

• Clinical Instructor in Oral Health Policy and Epidemiology
• Harvard School of Dental Medicine

Nathaniel S Treister, DMD, DMSc, DABOM

• Associate Professor of Oral Medicine
• Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity
• Harvard School of Dental Medicine
• Division of Oral Medicine & Dentistry
• Brigham and Women's Hospital

James Tulsky, MD

• Professor of Medicine
• Harvard Medical School

Martha L Twaddle, MD, FACP, FAAHPM, HMDC

• Clinical Associate Professor of Medicine
• Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine

Simone Veronese, MD, MSc, PhD

• Head of Research
• Palliative Care Department, Fondazione Faro
• Turin, Italy

Alessandro Villa, DDS, PhD, MPH

• Associate Professor in Oral Medicine
• University of California San Francisco

Charles von Gunten, MD, PhD

• Vice President, Medical Affairs, Hospice and Palliative Medicine
• OhioHealth, Columbus, OH

Anne M Walling, MD, PhD

• Assistant Professor
• University of California, Los Angeles

Jeremy D Walston, MD

• Raymond and Anna Lublin Professor of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology
• Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine

Gerald L Weinhouse, MD

• Assistant Professor of Medicine
• Harvard Medical School

Neil Wenger, MD

• Professor of Medicine
• University of California, Los Angeles

Howard (Jack) West, MD

• Section Editor — Lung Cancer
• Associate Clinical Professor
• City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center
• Duarte, CA

Douglas B White, MD, MAS

• Vice Chair and Professor of Critical Care Medicine; Director, Program on Ethics and Critical Care Medicine
• University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine

Brie Williams, MD, MS

• Professor, Division of Geriatrics at University of California, San Francisco
• Director, Amend at UCSF

Gary S Winzelberg, MD, MPH

• Associate Professor, Division of Geriatric Medicine
• University of North Carolina

Gordon J Wood, MD, MSCI, FAAPHM

• Associate Professor of Medicine and Medical Education
• Section of Palliative Medicine Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine

Daniel Dante Yeh, MD, MHPE

• Professor of Surgery
• University of Miami
• Ryder Trauma Center
• Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma

Sriram Yennurajalingam, MD

• Professor of Medicine, Department of Palliative Care and Rehabilitation Medicine
• University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center at Houston

G Bryan Young, MD, FRCPC

• Professor of Neurology
• University of Western Ontario, Canada

Mark Yurkofsky, MD

• Assistant Professor of Medicine
• Harvard Medical School

Peer Reviewers

Claire Ankuda, MD, MPH

• Assistant Professor
• Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai

Craig D Blinderman, MD, MA

• Director, Adult Palliative Care Services
• Columbia University

Mary Buss, MD

• Assistant Professor of Medicine
• Harvard Medical School

Richard J Cohen, MD, FACP

• Clinical Professor of Medicine
• University of California, San Francisco

Andrew S Epstein, MD

• Assistant Attending
• Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center

Robert M Kotloff, MD

• Section Editor — Lung Transplantation
• Professor of Clinical Medicine
• University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine

Matthew L Russell, MD, MSc

• Instructor of Medicine
• Harvard Medical School

Yael Schenker, MD

• Associate Professor, Division of General Internal Medicine
• Section of Palliative Care and Medical Ethics
• University of Pittsburgh

Christian T Sinclair, MD

• Associate Professor
• University of Kansas Medical Center

Alexander Smith, MD

• Associate Professor of Medicine
• University of California, San Francisco

Alessandro Villa, DDS, PhD, MPH

• Associate Professor in Oral Medicine
• University of California San Francisco